![]() ![]() For Apollo 11, that Guidance Reference Release was done about 16 seconds before lift-off. ![]() There is another thing they were referring to as going "internal": the inertial guidance system, which was locked while on the pad but needed to be "released" shortly before lift-off. For Apollo 11, if I'm reading that correctly, there were two points: at T-15min the "spacecraft" (CSM?) was switched to internal power and 50 seconds before lift-off the remaining systems were switched to internal power. Shortly before take-off, all systems then need to switch to internal power as the external connections are cut. For Apollo 11, this test happened roughly half an hour before lift-off. In addition, it can also refer to additional systems that were using external sources, like the guidance system.ĭuring the launch preparation/countdown, systems were switched from external to internal power to see whether that works correctly, then back to external power again to not waste the internal capacity. The T in the T-minus can also stand for test. It can refer to all systems running on internal power sources rather than external sources. Technically, the T in T-minus is an indicator of the main sequence countdown time, which serves as a synchronization device for most devices and procedures that must be completed before, during, and after launch. This can refer to a number of things, the specific source (mission and point in time of the countdown) would be helpful. ![]()
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